Python Essentials for Computational Chemists

Module 1: Getting Started with Python

1.1 What is Python and Why Use it in Chemistry?

Python is like a Swiss Army knife for coding. It’s simple but powerful. In computational chemistry, Python is popular because it has special tools to handle scientific calculations and data. Whether you’re studying atoms, molecules, or chemical reactions, Python can be a great help.

1.2 How to Get Python on Your Computer

To start coding, you need to install Python. Here’s a simple way to do it:

• Go to Python’s official website.
• Download the latest version.
• Run the setup and make sure you tick “Add Python to PATH” before hitting Install.

After installing, to check if everything’s alright:

Type `python --version` in your command prompt or terminal.

1.3 Where to Write Python Code

After installing, you can write Python code in different places, known as IDEs. For starters, these are good:

• IDLE: This comes with Python and is easy for beginners.
• Visual Studio Code: This is free and works well with Python.
• Jupyter Notebooks: This is great for step-by-step coding and showing data.

1.4 Python Basics: Your First Code and Variables

In Python, you don’t need to take extra steps to run your code. Type and run—that’s it. Try this first code snippet:

print("Hello, Chemistry!")

You can also store data in “variables”:

element = "Carbon"
atoms = 6

1.5 Doing Math and Comparisons in Python

Python can do math and comparisons using “operators”:

• Math Operators: +, -, *, /

  a = 5
  b = 2
  total = a + b  # total will be 7

• Comparison Operators: For saying if something is equal, bigger, or smaller.

  is_greater = a > b  # This will be True because 5 is greater than 2

1.6 Making Choices and Repeating Actions

Python lets you control what happens in your code:

• If-else: Making choices.

  if atoms > 1:
      print("It's a molecule!")
  else:
      print("It's an atom!")

• Loops: Doing something many times.

  for i in range(3):
      print("Calculating...")

1.7 Organizing Data: Lists and Dictionaries

Python offers different ways to store data:

• Lists: Like a shopping list of items.

  elements = ["Hydrogen", "Helium", "Lithium"]

• Dictionaries: Like a mini database.

  water = {"H": 2, "O": 1}

1.8 Functions: Reusing Code

Functions are blocks of code that can be used more than once. This is how to make a simple one:

def greet(name):
    return "Hello, " + name

print(greet("Chemist"))

1.9 Mini-Project: Simple Molecular Weight Calculator

Create a program to find out the weight of a molecule. Here’s a sample:

def find_weight(molecule):
    weights = {"H": 1.007, "O": 15.999}
    total_weight = 0
    for atom in molecule:
        total_weight += weights[atom] * molecule[atom]
    return total_weight

water = {"H": 2, "O": 1}
print(find_weight(water))  # Output will be around 18.013

By the end of this course, you’ll learn more tools and tricks to be a Python whiz in the field of computational chemistry.

Module 2: Python for Scientific Computing Made Easy

2.1 Easy Guide to NumPy

NumPy is like a magical toolbox in Python that helps you work with numbers, especially lists of numbers (called arrays). It is the building block for many other scientific tools in Python.

• What is a NumPy Array?: Think of it as a list in Python, but supercharged! All elements are of the same type, like numbers.

# Importing NumPy and creating an array
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(a)

What You Should See

[1, 2, 3]

• Doing Math with Arrays: You can easily add, subtract, multiply, etc., numbers within arrays. This is much faster than doing it with regular lists.

# Adding and Multiplying arrays
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
print(a + b)
print(a * b)

What You Should See

[5, 7, 9]
[4, 10, 18]

• Special Math Functions: NumPy lets you do more advanced calculations like exponentials and logarithms, and it’s as easy as pie!

# Advanced math with arrays
print(np.exp(a))
print(np.log(a))

What You Should See

[2.71, 7.39, 20.08]
[0.00, 0.69, 1.10]

2.2 Fun with SciPy

SciPy is another toolbox that adds even more features to NumPy. It helps you do things like optimization, complex math, and much more.

• Matrix Magic: Learn to find the inverse of a matrix and solve equations using matrices.

# Inverting a matrix
from scipy import linalg
A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
B = linalg.inv(A)
print(B)

What You Should See

[[-2.0, 1.0],
 [1.5, -0.5]]

• Find the Best Answer: SciPy helps you find the minimum or maximum values for mathematical problems.

# Finding the minimum of a function
from scipy import optimize
result = optimize.minimize(lambda x: x**2 + 5, 0)
print(result.x)

What You Should See

[0.]

2.3 Quick Start with pandas

pandas is like an Excel inside Python. It lets you organize data into tables called DataFrames.

• Making a Table (DataFrame): Create a simple table with rows and columns.

# Creating a DataFrame
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({
  "Name": ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"],
  "Age": [25, 30, 35],
  "City": ["New York", "Los Angeles", "Chicago"]
})
print(df)

What You Should See

      Name  Age         City
0    Alice   25     New York
1      Bob   30  Los Angeles
2  Charlie   35      Chicago

• Shaping Your Data: Learn how to filter, group, and combine data easily.

# Filtering and grouping data
df_filtered = df[df["Age"] > 25]
df_grouped = df.groupby("City").mean()

2.4 Hands-on Exercise: Your First Data Science Project

We’ll use pandas to look at some molecules and their properties. You’ll learn how to calculate mean values and filter data.

Sample Data:

data = {
    "Molecule": ["Mol1", "Mol2", "Mol3", "Mol4"],
    "Property1": [5.2, 3.8, 6.4, 4.5],
    "Property2": [10.5, 9.3, 8.7, 11.2],
    "Category": ["A", "B", "A", "B"]
}

# Create a DataFrame from the sample data
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

Expected Output

  Molecule  Property1  Property2 Category
0     Mol1        5.2       10.5        A
1     Mol2        3.8        9.3        B
2     Mol3        6.4        8.7        A
3     Mol4        4.5       11.2        B

Solutions:

1. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of each property:

   mean_property1 = df["Property1"].mean()
   std_property1 = df["Property1"].std()
   mean_property2 = df["Property2"].mean()
   std_property2 = df["Property2"].std()

   print(mean_property1, std_property1)
   print(mean_property2, std_property2)

Expected Output

   5.225 1.0816653826391966
   9.925 1.0816653826391969

2. Filter molecules with “Property1” above a certain threshold (e.g., 4.0):

   threshold = 4.0
   filtered_df = df[df["Property1"] > threshold]
   print(filtered_df)

Expected Output

     Molecule  Property1  Property2 Category
   0     Mol1        5.2       10.5        A
   2     Mol3        6.4        8.7        A
   3     Mol4        4.5       11.2        B

3. Group molecules by the “Category” variable and calculate the mean property for each group:

   grouped_df = df.groupby("Category").mean()
   print(grouped_df)

Expected Output

             Property1  Property2
   Category                      
   A             5.8       9.6
   B             4.15      10.25

Module 3: Easy Steps to Plotting and Visualization in Python

3.1 First Look at Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a tool in Python that helps you make pictures, charts, and graphs. It’s really useful for visualizing your data.

• Simple Line Graph: The easiest graph you can make is a line graph. Here’s how you do it.

  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import numpy as np

  # Make some simple data points
  x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
  y = np.sin(x)

  # Prepare to draw the graph
  fig, ax = plt.subplots()

  # Draw the line
  ax.plot(x, y)

  # Show the graph
  plt.show()

What You’ll See: A wavy line going from 0 to 10.

• More than One Line: You can draw more than one line on the same graph.

  # Draw two lines this time
  ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))
  ax.plot(x, np.cos(x))

What You’ll See: Two wavy lines—one for sine and one for cosine.

• Labels and Styling: Make your graph informative by adding labels and styles.

  # Add names to axes
  ax.set_xlabel("x")
  ax.set_ylabel("y")

  # Give names to lines
  ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), label='sin(x)')
  ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), label='cos(x)')

  # Add a legend
  ax.legend()

  # Make it pretty
  plt.style.use('seaborn-whitegrid')

What You’ll See: A stylish graph with labels and a legend.

3.2 Next Level Matplotlib

Matplotlib can do lots of other cool graphs too!

• Histograms: This type of graph shows how many times each number appears in a list.

  # Make some random data
  data = np.random.randn(1000)

  # Draw a histogram
  plt.hist(data)

What You’ll See: A bar chart showing how your random numbers are spread out.

• Scatter Plots: This shows individual data points instead of a line.

  # Make some random points
  x = np.random.randn(100)
  y = np.random.randn(100)

  # Draw a scatter plot
  plt.scatter(x, y)

What You’ll See: Dots scattered around the graph.

• 3D Plots: Yes, you can make graphs in 3D!

  # Necessary library for 3D
  from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d

  # Prepare for 3D plotting
  fig = plt.figure()
  ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')

  # Make 3D data
  z = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
  x = z * np.sin(25 * z)
  y = z * np.cos(25 * z)

  # Draw in 3D
  ax.plot3D(x, y, z)

What You’ll See: A twisty 3D line.

3.3 Try It Yourself: Make a Graph about Molecules

You can use Matplotlib to show how a specific quality of a molecule varies in a list of molecules.

Here’s how:

# Read data
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Open the file
df = pd.read_csv("molecular_properties.csv")

# Make a histogram
plt.hist(df["property1"], bins=20)

# Add some labels
plt.xlabel("Property 1")
plt.ylabel("Number of Times")
plt.title("Variation of Property 1")

# Show it
plt.show()

What You’ll See: A bar chart showing how “Property 1” varies among different molecules.

Module 4: Introduction to Symbolic Mathematics using SymPy

4.1 What is SymPy?

SymPy is a Python library designed for symbolic mathematics. Simply put, it’s a tool that can handle algebraic equations, calculus, and much more, right within Python.

• What are Symbols?: Symbols stand for mathematical unknowns. Here’s how you can create them in Python using SymPy.

  from sympy import symbols
  x, y, z = symbols('x y z')

4.2 Basic Algebraic Operations

• Creating Math Expressions: You can create math-like expressions using symbols and operations like addition or multiplication.

  expr = x + 2*y

• Simplifying Expressions: SymPy can simplify complex expressions for you.

  from sympy import simplify
  simplify((x + x*y) / x)  # It will return: 1 + y

4.3 Solving Equations

• How to Solve an Equation: SymPy can find the value(s) of unknowns that make an equation true.

  from sympy import Eq, solve
  equation = Eq(x**2 - 1, 0)
  solve(equation, x)  # It will return: [-1, 1]

4.4 Taking It Further: Calculus

• Finding Derivatives: The ‘diff’ function helps in finding the rate of change of functions.

  from sympy import diff
  diff(x**2, x)  # It will return: 2*x

4.5 A Step into Quantum Mechanics

• Exercise: Let’s use SymPy for a basic quantum mechanics problem: a particle in a box. Simple Code:

  from sympy import symbols, Eq, sin, solve, pi, integrate

  # Variables
  n, x, L = symbols('n x L')

  # Wave function
  psi = sin(n*pi*x/L)

  # Normalize
  norm = integrate(psi**2, (x, 0, L))

  # Solve
  solve(Eq(norm, 1), n)

This concludes Module 4. You’ve learned how to use SymPy for symbolic mathematics, which is a crucial tool in computational chemistry for solving a variety of problems, including those rooted in quantum mechanics.

Module 5: Getting Started with Quantum Chemistry using Psi4

5.1 What is Psi4?

Psi4 is a tool for quantum chemistry simulations. In simpler terms, it’s like a lab kit that lets you perform various molecular calculations right on your computer.

• How to Install Psi4: You can install Psi4 using conda, which is a package manager for Python. Here’s a step-by-step guide to install it:

  # Make a new environment for Psi4
  conda create -n psi4env python=3.10 -y

  # Activate the environment
  conda activate psi4env

  # Install Psi4
  conda install psi4 -c conda-forge

5.2 Doing Calculations with Psi4

• Calculating Energy: One of the most basic tasks you can do is calculate the energy of a molecule. Here’s a sample code:

  import psi4

  # Create a molecule
  molecule = psi4.geometry("""
  O
  H 1 1.1
  H 1 1.1 2 104
  """)

  # Choose the calculation type
  psi4.set_options({'basis': 'cc-pVDZ'})

  # Get the energy
  energy_value = psi4.energy('scf')
  print(energy_value)

• Optimizing Molecule Shape: Psi4 can find the shape of a molecule that has the lowest energy.

  psi4.optimize('scf')

• Studying Vibrations: Psi4 can also give you details about the vibrational frequencies of a molecule.

  psi4.frequency('scf')

5.3 Your Turn: Energy Calculation Exercise

Let’s put what you’ve learned into practice. Your task is to find the energy of a given molecule using Psi4.

Sample Solution:

import psi4

# Define your molecule
molecule = psi4.geometry("""
C  0.0  0.0  0.0
O  0.0  0.0  1.2
O  0.0  0.0 -1.2
H  1.0  0.0  1.7
H -1.0  0.0  1.7
H  1.0  0.0 -1.7
H -1.0  0.0 -1.7
""")

# Set options
psi4.set_options({'basis': 'cc-pVDZ'})

# Get the energy
energy_value = psi4.energy('scf')
print(energy_value)

This concludes Module 5. You’ve now been introduced to Psi4 and have performed some basic quantum chemistry calculations.

Module 6: Exploring Molecular Movements with MDAnalysis

6.1 What is MDAnalysis?

MDAnalysis is a Python tool that helps you look at how molecules move in simulations. It’s like a magnifying glass for understanding the dance of atoms and molecules.

• How to Install MDAnalysis: You can install it quickly with a tool called pip:

  # Install MDAnalysis
  pip install MDAnalysis

6.2 Using MDAnalysis to Understand Molecules

• Reading Molecule Information: After installing, you can use it to read the details of your molecular simulations.

  import MDAnalysis as mda

  # Load the molecule data
  universe = mda.Universe('topology.psf', 'trajectory.dcd')

  # Look at the position of the first atom
  print(universe.atoms[0].position)

• Selecting Specific Atoms: Sometimes you might be interested in specific parts of the molecule.

  # Choose all atoms in the protein part of the molecule
  protein_atoms = universe.select_atoms('protein')

  # Pick water molecules close to the protein
  nearby_water = universe.select_atoms('around 5 protein')

• Measuring Distances: You can also measure how far apart atoms are.

  from MDAnalysis.analysis import distances

  # Measure distance between first and second atom
  distance_value = distances.dist(universe.atoms[0], universe.atoms[1])
  print(distance_value)

• Comparing Molecule Shapes: You can find out how much a molecule changes its shape during a simulation.

  from MDAnalysis.analysis import rms

  # Compare the first and last shape of the molecule
  rms_value = rms.rmsd(universe.trajectory[0], universe.trajectory[-1])
  print(rms_value)

6.3 Try It Yourself: Analyze Molecule Movements

Now let’s try to analyze how the backbone atoms of a protein change during a simulation.

Sample Code:

import MDAnalysis as mda
from MDAnalysis.analysis import rms

# Load the molecule data
universe = mda.Universe('topology.psf', 'trajectory.dcd')

# Pick the backbone atoms of the protein
backbone_atoms = universe.select_atoms('backbone')

# Calculate how much these atoms change in each step
rms_list = [rms.rmsd(backbone_atoms.positions, universe.trajectory[frame].positions) for frame in range(len(universe.trajectory))]

# Print the changes
print(rms_list)

With this, you’ve completed Module 6. You’ve now learned the basics of molecular dynamics analysis with MDAnalysis.

Module 7: Understanding Molecules with RDKit

7.1 What is RDKit?

RDKit is a special tool that helps us understand more about molecules and chemicals. It’s like a Swiss Army knife for chemists who use computers!

• Installing RDKit: Just like before, you can install it with pip:

  # Install RDKit
  pip install rdkit

7.2 Basic Steps with RDKit

• Making a Molecule: With RDKit, you can make a model of a molecule using a code called SMILES.

  from rdkit import Chem

  # Make an ethanol molecule
  molecule = Chem.MolFromSmiles('CCO')

  # See how many atoms it has
  print(molecule.GetNumAtoms())

• Changing Molecule Formats: RDKit can understand many types of molecule files. You can also use it to write molecule files.

  # Turn the molecule back into a SMILES code
  smiles_code = Chem.MolToSmiles(molecule)
  print(smiles_code)

• Learning About the Molecule: You can get important details like its weight or other properties.

  from rdkit.Chem import Descriptors

  # Find out how much it weighs
  weight = Descriptors.MolWt(molecule)
  print(weight)

• Finding Patterns in Molecules: You can look for certain pieces or patterns in the molecule, like searching for a needle in a haystack!

  # Make a pattern to search for
  search_pattern = Chem.MolFromSmiles('CO')

  # See if the pattern is there
  print(molecule.HasSubstructMatch(search_pattern))

7.3 Making Molecules Come to Life

RDKit can even draw the molecule for you to see!

from rdkit.Chem import Draw

# Show the molecule on the screen
Draw.MolToImage(molecule)

7.4 Try It Yourself: Getting to Know Multiple Molecules

Let’s try to find some details for a bunch of different molecules.

Sample Code:

from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import Descriptors

# List of molecules we want to know more about
molecule_list = ['CCO', 'CCN', 'CCC']

# Loop through the list and print out info
for molecule_code in molecule_list:
    molecule = Chem.MolFromSmiles(molecule_code)
    weight = Descriptors.MolWt(molecule)
    logp = Descriptors.MolLogP(molecule)
    print(f'Molecule: {molecule_code}, Weight: {weight}, LogP: {logp}')

With this, you’ve completed Module 7. You’ve learned how to use RDKit to understand more about molecules!

Module 8: Intro to Machine Learning using scikit-learn

8.1 What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is like teaching computers to learn from experience. Imagine you’re teaching a dog new tricks; you give it treats when it does well, right? Similarly, in machine learning, we give the computer lots of data and let it figure out the answers.

• Supervised Learning: Like learning to ride a bike with training wheels. You have a guide (labeled data) to help you understand.
• Unsupervised Learning: Like learning to ride a bike without training wheels. You figure things out on your own (no labels in the data).

8.2 Meet scikit-learn: Your ML Toolkit

Scikit-learn is a toolbox for machine learning in Python. It’s easy to use and has lots of features!

• Regression: Predicting a number, like your final score in a video game.

  from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
  # Some example data (X is features, y is labels)
  # Train the model and make predictions

What to Expect: You get predicted scores based on your input.

• Classification: Sorting things into categories, like fruits into apples and oranges.

  from sklearn.svm import SVC
  # Training and making predictions here

What to Expect: You get labels like ‘apple’ or ‘orange’ based on your input.

• Clustering: Like arranging books on a shelf by their genre.

  from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
  # Put data into groups

What to Expect: Your data gets sorted into different clusters or ‘shelves’.

8.3 How Good is Your Model?

After you’ve trained your model, you’ll want to know how good it is.

• Cross-Validation: Like practicing for a test from past exam papers to get a range of scores.

  # Perform practice tests to check how well the model performs

What to Expect: You’ll get scores that tell you how well your model is doing.

• Performance Metrics: Like grading your model.

  # Calculate the 'grade' or performance of the model

What to Expect: A ‘grade’ for your model like a test score or an error rate.

8.4 Let’s Make a Model for Molecules!

In this exercise, we’ll use scikit-learn to predict something about molecules, like how they behave or their properties.

Try It Yourself:

# Load some data
# Train your model to understand it
# Test how well it has learned

What to Expect: You’ll get a number that tells you how close your model’s predictions were to the actual data.

Module 9: Making Repetitive Tasks Easier with Python

9.1: Python as a Helpful Tool for Daily Tasks

Python can help you automate the boring stuff, like working with files or doing the same thing over and over.

• Reading and Writing Files: You can read from or write to text files, CSV files, and more.

  # To read a text file
  with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:
      content = f.read()
      print(content)  # This will show what's in the file

  # To write to a text file
  with open('file.txt', 'w') as f:
      f.write('Hello, everyone!')

What to Expect: This will show you the contents of the files you read or write to.

• Doing Many Tasks All at Once: You can do many things in a row without having to start each one yourself.

  # List of tasks to do
  tasks = ['task1', 'task2', 'task3']

  # Doing each task one by one
  for task in tasks:
      do_task(task)  # pretend this is a real function

9.2: What If Something Goes Wrong?

Python can help you deal with errors, so your program doesn’t just crash.

• Catching Mistakes: If something might go wrong, you can prepare for it.

  try:
      # Risky action here
      x = 1 / 0
  except ZeroDivisionError:
      # What to do if the error happens
      print('Oops, can\'t divide by zero!')

What to Expect: The message ‘Oops, can’t divide by zero!’ will appear if you try to divide by zero.

• Making Your Own Errors: You can also tell Python to make a specific error.

  # Make your own error appear
  raise ValueError('Something is wrong with the value!')

What to Expect: You’ll see the message ‘Something is wrong with the value!’.

9.3: Mini-Project: Automate a Simple Chemistry Task

In this mini-project, you’ll use Python to make a computational chemistry task much easier. We’ll use Psi4 and Pandas libraries.

How to Do It:

# First, we need to import Psi4 and Pandas
import psi4
import pandas as pd

# Make a list of some common molecules
molecules = ['H2O', 'NH3', 'CH4']

# Create an empty table to save our results
results = pd.DataFrame(columns=['Molecule', 'Energy'])

# Find the energy of each molecule
for molecule in molecules:
    mol = psi4.geometry(molecule)
    energy = psi4.energy('scf/cc-pVDZ')
    results = results.append({'Molecule': molecule, 'Energy': energy}, ignore_index=True)

# Save the table to a file
results.to_csv('energy_results.csv', index=False)

What to Expect: You’ll get a CSV file called ‘energy_results.csv’ that will have the energy values for the molecules you picked.

Module 10: Writing Good Python Code

10.1 Making Fast and Smart Code

Writing good code means it should run fast and use less memory. Here are some tricks for this:

• Making Lists Quickly: Use list comprehensions to make lists more easily.

  # Make a list of squares
  squares = [x*x for x in range(10)]

What You’ll See: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

• Save Memory with Generators: Generators don’t save all values at once, saving memory.

What You’ll See: You’ll see squares from 0 up to 81 printed.

• Using Map and Reduce: These can apply functions to lists and even combine list elements.

  from functools import reduce

  # Use map to get squares
  squares = map(lambda x: x*x, range(10))

  # Use reduce to sum squares
  total_sum = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, squares)

What You’ll See: 285, which is the sum of all squares from 0 to 81.

10.2 Making Code Easy to Read

Code should be easy for others to understand. Here’s how to do that:

• Use Comments: Explain what you’re doing in your code.

  # This is a comment explaining the code
  number = 5  # Explaining what 'number' is

• Good Names: Use clear names for variables.

  # A well-named variable
  scores = [90, 85, 78]

• Keeping Things Neat: Make sure to align your code well.

  # This is neat code
  def add_numbers(num1, num2):
      return num1 + num2

10.3 Keep Track of Your Code Versions with Git

When you are working with others, you need to keep track of changes. Git helps with that.

• Starting with Git: git init
• Copy a Project: git clone <website-link>
• Prepare to Save Changes: git add <filename>
• Save the Changes: git commit -m "your message"
• Send Changes to the Internet: git push origin main

10.4 Try It Yourself: Make a Script Better

Improving code makes it better. Try this exercise:

Old Way:

squares_list = []
for num in range(10):
    squares_list.append(num*num)
print(sum(squares_list))

New and Improved Way:

quick_squares = [num*num for num in range(10)]
print(sum(quick_squares))

What You’ll See: 285

Closing Remarks

Well done on finishing the Crash Course “Python Essentials for Computational Chemists”! 🎉 You’ve taken big steps in learning Python and how it’s used in chemistry for various cool stuff:

• Scientific Computing: Crunching numbers to solve scientific puzzles.
• Data Analysis: Looking closely at data to find important clues.
• Visualization: Making pictures and graphs to understand data better.
• Symbolic Computation: Solving math problems just like you would on paper, but faster!
• Quantum Chemistry: Understanding tiny particles that make up everything.
• Molecular Dynamics: Learning how molecules move and interact with each other.
• Chemoinformatics: Using computers to understand chemicals better.
• Machine Learning: Teaching computers to make smart guesses.
• Workflow Automation: Making your computer do the boring stuff automatically.

A huge thank you for all the effort you put in. 🙏 Remember, this is just the beginning. Keep playing around with Python, ask questions, and never stop learning. The world of Python and chemistry has so much more to offer. Have fun coding! 👩‍💻👨‍💻